Ramadan Features

Presentation Since time memeorial, ceremonies and legends that are held by a specific network have alsways been a portion of the primary elemetns that characterize and separate that network from the remainder of the world.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Ramadan Features explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although directly social orders have experienced an incredible revolutuion as far as improvement and holding onto new social practices when contrasted with barely any decades back, there is little that has changed in many fantasies and customs that are regarded by social orders, yet in addition strict gatherings all around (Bell 2-7). For example, the Muslims have explicit ceremonies that distinguish them; customs that have been there since the beginning of this religion. Albeit some of them are exceptionally old, followers of this confidence regard and trust in them, since they characterize their whole lifestyle. Ramadan is one of those Is lamic services that are related with various legends and ceremonies. Fantasies and Rituals A fantasy is a conventional story with a reason. It is typically worried about early history of individuals and clarifications of some social wonder. Regularly, it includes otherworldly creatures or occasions that are finished by these extraordinary creatures (Kluckhohn 47-52). Fantasies likewise attempt to clarify why the world is how it is and the connection among divine beings and people. There are two fundamental classes of customary stories, which are regular in many social orders. These are tales or fantasies, which have some part of truth in them or those that are simply envisioned and told (Campbell 3-5). Fantasy stories are bogus stories since they took in early stage age. Moreover, the otherworldly creatures in the tales make the occasions in a fantasy generally incomprehensible. However, in their clarifications, they attempt to communicate something specific that has a significant s ocial or strict importance. Folklore †the investigation of fantasies attempts to scan for the association among legends and various societies. Subsequently, to bigger degree, fantasies are utilized to build up models for conduct by giving important strict encounters. Then again, using fantasies, in many situations networks have an inclination of isolating themselves from the contemporary world by grasping the legendary world. They additionally attempt to address various basic inquiries posed by people like; who made the universe? Also, what, why, and when was the whole marvel on the planet made (Campbell 3-6). A custom then again, is a custom, function, a strategy or arrangement of efficient arrangement of activities that are performed at explicit occasions, time and spot with an emblematic importance. The hugeness of a custom essentially relies upon convention or religion of a society.Advertising Looking for exposition on religion philosophy? We should check whether we can sup port you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Actions acted in a custom are typically picked by the entertainers yet the words and what they represent must vanquish and embrace the any legends that are held by that society. The capacity of customs changes starting with one network then onto the next. This is on the grounds that, ceremonies represents various things running from strict commitments or standards, profound fulfillments, enthusiastic necessities, reinforcing of social bonds, and giving of good and social training. They can be additionally used to show regard or accommodation, the entry or beginning of a connection, the getting of social acknowledgment or endorsement, and now and then they can be performed only for joy. In different cases, social orders perform customs as a type of worshiping God of certain divine beings, as a method of gift marriage, or as a method of assuaging the dead. By and large, in spite of the fact that social orders perform customs, on a ccount of various reasons, it is the fantasies and convictions that are held by these social orders that make them to perform them (Bell 3-23). This is the situation fundamentally on the grounds that; these ceremonies are one of the essential factors that are utilized to recognize a gathering or a network, since they help in advancing great relational connections, for instance, the Islamic Ramadan. Ramadan Although the word â€Å"Ramadan† in Arabic expressing networks is utilized to allude to extreme warmth, in Islamic, Ramadan is a name of a month in the Islamic schedule (Bell 124-127). As examination considers appear, this title was chosen, as it entirely spoke to the genuine climatic conditions and natural changes that are related with fasting. All through the ninth month of the Islamic schedule, which runs for a period range of around twenty nine to thirty days, supporters of the Islamic religion, spend the whole dusk without food. There are such huge numbers of things th at are remembered during this period, the most significant admission of sins or any wrong doing. By and large, this fasting season initiates for the most part after the cosmic new moon. This is the situation basically in light of the fact that; devotees of this religion accept that, the presence of this moon is an indication of another month starting. Notwithstanding, due to the time contrasts of better places on the planet, Ramadan starts on various days in different pieces of the world, all the more so those that are found in various time regions. This reality has been one of the essential drivers of contradictions consistently on precisely when seeing of Ramadan should start. This is apparent in the ongoing endeavors of pastors from this religion to attempt to tackle the hopelessness behind this clashing idea utilizing galactic figurings (Hill 1-2). What occurs during Ramadan? Fasting The most significant thing Ramadan recognizes is admission of sins, as people set aside this eff ort to revere and have an otherworldly reflection. Greater part of supporters of this religion will consistently do anything available to them so as to keep themselves blessed during this season.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Ramadan Features explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More what's more, by all methods people shun themselves sex until late evening, when light is no more. Then again, eating, drinking just as falling into allurement is debilitated. As per this religion’s fundamentals, fasting is one of the essential techniques for guaranteeing virtue of the two considerations and activities. That is, in doing this, adherents of Mohamed accept that, fasting is one of the most significant method of coordinating the entire heart away from common exercises, it being the main strategy for guaranteeing that they are scrubbed along with their inward soul (Bell 124-136). Additionally, during this period, all aspects of the body; directly f rom the tongue, is confined from defaming and tattle; eyes must be limited from taking a gander at unlawful things; the hands shouldn't take whatever doesn't have a place with it and ears are disallowed from tuning in to sit talk and profane words. In this manner, fasting isn't simply physical but instead, the responsibility of one’s fasting routine is intended to show the Muslims self-restraint discretion, persistence, penance, and compassion towards the individuals who are less lucky. Therefore, it makes a feeling of liberality and good cause that is usually alluded to as Zakat (The Outreach Center: Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Havard University 5). Supplication and perusing of the Qur’an During this season, all disciples of this religion are additionally expected to experience the whole Qur’an and appreciate its lessons. Others like to present the entire Qur’an as a type of saying exceptional supplications that are known as Tarawih. These petitio ns must be done each night of the month. During these evenings, the entire area of the Qur’an is recounted and before the month's over, one should have finished the whole Quran. This is the situation basically on the grounds that; Muslims hold an idea that, by perusing this book, there is a solid connection that will frame among them and their God, as the perusing helps them to remember how brilliant God has been to them; subsequently, the need of them to regard others by being magnanimous, carrying out beneficial things, and giving grace. To show this they plan uncommon nourishments and blessings which they give poor people and the penniless that are not in position to manage (Bell 124-129). If’tar Firstly, If’tar principally involves keeping away from any utilization of food and beverages, until the sun goes down. After the sun has gone down, people should meet up and share a supper that is regularly refererd to as If’tar. This supper for the most part starts by eating three dates (a similar way Muhammad used to do) trailed by the Maghrib petition (the fourth supplication of the five every day petitions Fard).Advertising Searching for paper on religion philosophy? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More After this, the ordinary supper is served. Over the ongoing past, If’tar has become a feast celebration, on the grounds that during this time, families, neighbors, companions, and even the entire network meet up for association (The Outreach Center: Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Havard University 6). Noble cause This is exceptionally huge in Islam and its importance amplifies more during Ramadan. From time dedication, Ramadan is explicitly a favored time; along these lines, Muslims commend it by giving in good cause (sadaqa) (Ghazi and Rauuam 9-22). Laylat al-Qadr Among Muslims, Laylat al-Qadr is thought to be one of the primary blessed evenings. Muslims emphatically hold the thought that; it is during this night that the Islamic Holy book was given to Prophet Muhammad. It happens on an odd numbered late evening during the most recent ten days of that long stretch of Ramadan. It very well may be either the evening of 29th, 27th, 25th, 23rd, or the 21st of Ramadan (Bell 12 4-133). Eid Al-Fitr Eid Al-Fitr is a gala that is utilized to commend the finish of the fasting time frame and the beginning of another month. Following the moon’s signals, it is the day when another new moo

Sinusitis Care Plan Essay Example for Free

Sinusitis Care Plan Essay This helpful consideration plan will used the â€Å"I can treat and endorse framework† to guarantee that suitable patient medications are chosen utilizing a bit by bit approach, including appraisal reconciliation, tranquilize and additionally sickness related issues, restorative objectives, remedial other options and signs, plan of care and assessment (OPHCNPP, 2012). By experiencing each progression of this system, and including or barring treatment alternatives dependent on singular patient components and solid clinical proof, this clinician will show up at the most reasonable treatment plan for the patient. H.K (multi year old male) gave industrious facial agony for 7 days. He revealed having a cerebral pain (6/10 on a torment scale) after twisting forward and arousing, periodic tooth torment, no nasal seepage, and no hack. H.K denied fever or chills however confessed to feeling â€Å"run-down†. His past clinical history included varicella zoster at age 5 years, regular unfavorably susceptible rhinitis (dust), viral respiratory tract side effects fourteen days prior (presently settled), and no ongoing anti-infection use in the course of recent months. He is hitched with two kids who are not in childcare (ages 8 and 9). H.K is a general store administrator, non-smoker, and denied substance misuse. The patient revealed having private doctor prescribed medication inclusion yet was just taking Advil cold and sinus (2 tablets orally like clockwork as required) with great impact. H.K’s vitals were taken (temp. 37.5 °C tympanic, HR 74 reg., R 12 reg. also, equivalent). His head and neck assessment uncovered that his sclera were clear and his students were round, responsive to light with convenience. There was delicacy to palpation of the frontal and maxillary sinuses. Transillumination of the privilege and left maxillary sinuses uncovered a murky surface. His nares were erythematous and edematous with no undeniable release. There was cobblestoning of the pharynx with slight erythema. His tonsils were two or more in size without any exudates. His neck assessment uncovered the nonattendance of lymphadenopathy, the thyroid was non-substantial, and his chest assessment uncovered clear lung fields. The analysis of intense sinusitis was made dependent on H.K’s introducing signs and side effects. The two most normal inclining occasions for intense bacterial sinusitis are intense viral upper respiratory contaminations and unfavorably susceptible aggravation (80% and 20% of bacterial diseases, separately) (Desrosiers et al., 2011). Difficulties of sinusitis are uncommon and are assessed to happen in 1 of every 1,000 cases (Hwang, 2009). In convoluted sinusitis, the circle of the eye is the most widely recognized structure included and is normally br ought about by ethmoid sinusitis (Hwang, 2009). Patients who present with visual side effects (diplopia, diminished visual sharpness, disconjugate look, trouble opening the eye), extreme migraine, sluggishness or high fever ought to be assessed with rising consideration suspected (H.K had none of these indications) (Hwang, 2009). Most grown-up patients determined to have intense sinusitis gotten well or about well following 7 to 10 days, yet 25% are as yet indicative following 14 days (Worrall, 2011). H.K had no untreated ailments adding to his intense sinusitis (not dust season). An essential social insurance nurture expert can adequately analyze, treat and oversee grown-ups who have side effects like H.K as per the Nurse Practitioner Practice Standard of Ontario (CNO, 2011). His condition was not dangerous and didn't require a referral to a doctor, expert or move of care. H.K was taking Advil cold and sinus, a medication that was fittingly dosed (1-2 tablets orally like clockwork as required to a limit of 6 tablets in 24 hours), which is clinically shown for sinus torment in grown-ups and isn't excessively unpredictable (CPA, 2013). This medication was esteemed safe for him after an audit of contraindications, including excessive touchiness to the specialist, nonsteroidal calming drug-initiated (NSAID) asthma or urticartia, ibuprofen set of three, pre-usable coronary detour medical procedure, coronary course ailment, monoamine oxidase inhibitor use inside 14 days, uncontrolled or extreme hypertension, and urinary maintenance (Epocrates, 2013). For H.K, the oral course of prescription organization was generally suitable, the least obtrusive and the simplest path for a grown-up to consume medications (Brophy et al, 2011). Advil cold and sinus isn't a cytochrome P450 framework inhibitor, which is the principle (or halfway) cause for enormous contrasts in the pharmacokinetics of different medications (Rx Files, 2012, Epocrates, 2013). The patient was not taking acquired solutions, utilizing drugs from past events of the condition, or encountering any unfriendly medication occasions/responses to Advil cold and sinus. Additionally, he was not being twofold dosed or encountering restorative duplication of medications having a place with a similar pharmaceutical class. H.K had no untreated ailments (other than his new intense sinusitis), was not ingesting medications recommended by different clinicians and there were no different components (correspondence blunders, non-adherence, money related limitations) impacting his capacity to get drug. Anti-microbial treatment ought to be saved for patients with intense bacterial sinusitis as characterized by a total history and physical assessment (AMA, 2008). A â€Å"wait and see† approach has been recommended in late Canadian rules as a methods for separating bacterial sinusitis from a viral respiratory tract disease (Desrosiers et al., 2011). Commencement of treatment should happen 7 to 10 days after industrious indications or when signs perfect with intense sinusitis happen (Desrosiers et al., 2011). Since H.K’s facial agony had gone on for 7 days, the choice was made with the patient to treat. Objectives of care were set up (with the patient) including boosting side effect help (particularly seepage of clogged sinuses), destruction of contamination, and counteraction of re-event and entanglements (Fryters Blondel-Hill, 2011). Five medication decisions were chosen and investigated as potential treatment alternatives for H.K, including first and second line treatm ents (supplement 1) (ARP, 2012). The essential bacterial pathogens engaged with the improvement of intense sinusitis for grown-ups are Streptococcus pneumonia and Haemophilus influenzae (AMA, 2008). Canadian antimicrobial opposition information of S. pneumoniae portrays that penicillin opposition rates go from 14% to16% in Central Canada (Powis et al., 2004). Amoxicillin is a first line tranquilize treatment that remaining parts dynamic against S. pneumoniae with the pace of opposition under 2% (Brook et al, 2006) and furthermore holds the best inclusion of oral beta-lactam operators against S. pneumoniae (AMA, 2008). It is accessible in a container, chewable tablet or powder for oral suspension (H.K had no dysphagia and liked to take cases) (CPA, 2013). Amoxicillin ought not be endorsed to a patient more than once in a 3-month time frame (H.K had not taken it over the most recent 3 months) (ARP, 2012). This medication is corrosive safe, quickly ingested after oral organization, and is steady within the sight of gas tric corrosive taking into account sufficient fundamental fixations (H.K was not consuming medications that influence gastric corrosive creation) (CPA, 2013). Relevant antagonistic effects of the medication are looseness of the bowels, queasiness, cerebral pain, regurgitating, stomach torment, hypersensitivity, frailty, AST/ALT rise, mucocutaneous candidiasis, rash and pseudomembranous colitis (Medscape Reference, 2013). Amoxicillin is contraindicated with hypersensitivity response to penicillins or cephalosporins (Epocrates, 2013). A few alerts to consider while recommending amoxicillin to H.K incorporate him having clostridium difficile contamination, irresistible mononucleosis (result is skin rash), bacterial/contagious superinfections, hypersensitivity to cephalosporins, and carbapenems, (Medscape Reference, 2013). Likewise, genuine medication communications incorporate bcg/typhoid antibody live, doxycycline, minocycline, probenecid and antibiotic medication (Epocrates, 2013). H.K didn't have any of the contraindications, alerts, or potential prescription connections pertinent to taking amoxicillin, so it was esteemed safe for him to t ake. Amoxicillin was chosen as a treatment choice for H.K (supplement 1). The three times each day (500 mg) choice was chosen to guarantee effortlessness, when contrasted with the 875 mg two times per day alternative that would require H.K to take two chance indistinguishable cases (a 500 mg and a 250 mg), improving the probability of medicine blunder (Epocrates, 2013). An essential worry for people contaminated with H. influenzae is ampicillin obstruction, intervened by the creation of a beta-lactamase, which is delivered by roughly 19% of the microscopic organisms (Zhanel et al, 2003). H. influenzae remains typically defenseless to amoxicillin-clavulanate (a second line treatment) which has the additional advantage of soundness against beta-lactamases and cephalosporins (Tristam et al, 2007). Amoxicillin-clavulanate is likewise successful against most penicillin-safe S. pneumoniae (MacGowan et al., 2004). It has upgraded gram positive action and ought to be utilized in patients where danger of bacterial obstruction is high, outcomes of disappointment of treatment are most prominent, or for patients not reacting to first-line treatment (DeRosiers, et al, 2011). Regular symptoms of this medication are queasiness, heaving, looseness of the bowels, rash and uticartia (Poole-Arcangelo Peterson, 2013; Rx Files, 2013). Higher paces of loose bowels and other gastrointestinal symptoms happen with amoxicillin-clavulanate than with amoxicillin alone (Burns et al., 2009). It is additionally viewed as an all the more expensive sinusitis treatment (ARP, 2012; Rx Files, 2012). Amoxicillin-clavulanate was included as a treatment alternative for H.K (see addendum 1). The clinician chose the two times each day choice (875 mg) in light of the fact that the clavulanic corrosive day by day po rtion is less, bringing about a diminished probability of the patient encountering antagonistic impacts contrasted and a progressively visit dosing plan choice, for example, at regular intervals

Negative Bias Why Were Hardwired for Negativity

Negative Bias Why We're Hardwired for Negativity Basics Print What Is the Negativity Bias? By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on April 11, 2019 More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Is the Negativity Bias? What the Research Says Examples of Negative Bias Evidence Effects How to Overcome Negative Bias View All Back To Top Have you ever found yourself dwelling on an insult or fixating on your mistakes? Criticisms often have a greater impact than compliments and bad news frequently draws more attention than good. The reason for this is that negative events have a greater impact on our brains than positive ones. Psychologists refer to this as the negative bias (also called the negativity bias), and it can have a powerful effect on your behavior, your decisions, and even your relationships. Verywell / Brianna Gilmartin     What Is the Negativity Bias? The negative bias is our tendency not only to register negative stimuli more readily but also to dwell on these events. Also known as positive-negative asymmetry, this negativity bias means that we feel the sting of a rebuke more powerfully than we feel the joy of praise. This psychological phenomenon explains why bad first impressions can be so difficult to overcome and why past traumas can have such long lingering effects. In almost any interaction, we are more likely to notice negative things and later remember them more vividly. As humans, we tend to: Remember traumatic experiences better than positive onesRecall insults better than praiseReact more strongly to negative stimuliThink about negative things more frequently than positive onesRespond more strongly to negative events than to equally positive ones For example, you might be having a great day at work when a co-worker makes an offhand comment that you find irritating. You then find yourself stewing over his words for the rest of the workday. When you get home from work and someone asks you how your day was, you reply that it was terribleâ€"even though it was overall quite good despite that one negative incident. This bias toward the negative leads you to pay much more attention to the bad things that happen, making them seem much more important than they really are. What the Research Says Research has shown that across a wide array of psychological events, people tend to focus more on the negative as they try to make sense of the world. We pay more attention to negative events than positive ones. We tend to learn more from negative outcomes and experiences. We even tend to make decisions based on negative information more than positive data. It is the “bad things” that grab our attention, stick to our memories, and, in many cases, influence the decisions that we make. Motivation Some finding from psychological research includes that the negative bias influences motivation to complete a task. People are less motivated when an incentive results in gaining something, but are more motivated when an incentive will avoid the loss of something. Bad News Additionally, studies have shown that negative news is more likely to be perceived as truthful. Since negative information draws greater attention, it also may be seen as having greater validity. This might be why bad news seems to garner more attention. Politics Differences in negativity bias have also been linked to political ideology. Some research suggests that conservatives may have stronger psychological responses to negative information than liberals. Some evidence, for example, has found that people who consider themselves politically conservative are more likely to rate ambiguous stimuli as threatening. Such differences in the negativity bias might explain why some people are more likely to value things such as tradition and security while others are more open to embracing ambiguity and change. Examples of Negative Bias The negative bias can have a variety of real-world effects on how people think and act. Do any of these situations and events seem familiar? You received a performance review at work was quite positive overall and noted your strong performance and achievements. A few constructive comments pointed out areas where you could improve, and you find yourself fixating on those remarks. Rather than feeling good about the positive aspects of your review, you feel upset and angry about the few critical comments.After an argument with your significant other, you find yourself focusing on all of your partner’s flaws. Instead of acknowledging his good points, you ruminate over all of his imperfections. Even the most trivial of faults are amplified, while positive characteristics are overlooked.  You still vividly recall humiliating yourself in front of your friends, even though the event happened years ago. You find yourself cringing with embarrassment over it, even though your friends have probably forgotten about it entirely. Evidence Our tendency to pay more attention to bad things and overlook good things is likely a result of evolution. Earlier in human history, paying attention to bad, dangerous, and negative threats in the world was literally a matter of life and death. Those who were more attuned to danger and who paid more attention to the bad things around them were more likely to survive. This meant they were also more likely to hand down the genes that made them more attentive to danger. The evolutionary perspective suggests that this tendency to dwell on the negative more than the positive is simply one way the brain tries to keep us safe. Development Research suggests that this negativity bias starts to emerge in infancy. Very young infants tend to pay greater attention to positive facial expression and tone of voice, but this begins to shift as they near one year of age. Brain studies indicate that around this time, babies begin to experience greater brain responses to negative stimuli. This suggests that the brains negative bias emerges during the latter half of a child’s first year of life. There is some evidence that the bias may actually start even earlier in development. One study found that infants as young as three-months-old show signs of the negativity bias when making social evaluations of others. The Brains Response Neuroscientific evidence has shown that there is greater neural processing in the brain in response to negative stimuli. Studies that involve measuring event-related brain potentials (ERPs), which show the brains response to specific sensory, cognitive, or motor stimuli have shown that the negative stimuli elicit a larger brain response than positive ones. In studies conducted by psychologist John Cacioppo, participants were shown pictures of either positive, negative, or neutral images. The researchers then observed electrical activity in the brain. Negative images produced a much stronger response in the cerebral cortex than did positive or neutral images. Due to this surge in activity in a critical information processing area of the brain, our behaviors and attitudes tend to be shaped more powerfully by bad news, experiences, and information. Effects While we may no longer need to be on constant high-alert as our early ancestors needed to be in order to survive, the negativity bias still has a starring role in how our brains operate. Research has shown that negative bias can have a wide variety of effects on how people think, respond, and feel. Some of the everyday areas where you might feel the results of this bias include in your relationships, decision-making, and the way you perceive people. Relationships The negativity bias can have a profound effect on your relationships. The bias might lead people to expect the worst in others, particularly in close relationships where people have known each other for a long time. For example, you might negatively anticipate how your partner will react to something and go into the interaction with your defenses already on high alert. Arguments and resentment are often the results. When it comes to relationships, it is valuable to remember that negative comments usually carry much more weight than positive ones. Being aware of our own tendency to fixate on the negative is also important. By understanding this natural human tendency, you can focus on finding ways to cut other people a break and to stop expecting the worst. Decision-Making The negative bias can have an influence on the decision-making process. In their famous work, Nobel-prize winning researchers Kahneman and Tversky found that when making decisions, people consistently place greater weight on negative aspects of an event than they do on positive ones. This tendency to overemphasize the negative can have an impact on the choices that people make and the risks that they are willing to take. When imagining scenarios involving either gaining a certain amount of money or losing the same amount of money, the risk of loss tends to loom larger in peoples minds. People often fear the consequences of the negative outcome more than they desire the potential positive gains, even when the two possibilities are equivalent. People have a stronger negative reaction to losing $20 than the positive feelings they have from gaining $20. People Perception When forming impressions of others, people also tend to focus more on negative information. For example, studies have shown that when given both “good” and “bad” adjectives to describe another person’s character, participants give greater weight to the bad descriptors when forming a first impression. How to Overcome Negative Bias The negativity bias can take a toll on your mental health. It can cause you to dwell on dark thoughts, hurt your relationships with loved ones, and make it difficult to maintain an optimistic outlook on life. Fortunately, there are steps you can take to change your thinking and fight the tendency toward negative thinking. Stop Negative Self-Talk Start paying attention to the type of thoughts that run through your mind. After an event takes place, you might find yourself thinking things like “I shouldn’t have done that.” This negative self-talk shapes how you think about yourself and others. A better tactic is to stop those thoughts whenever they begin. Instead of fixating on past mistakes that cannot be changed, consider what you have learned and how you might apply that in the future. Positive Self Talk for a Better Life Reframe the Situation How you talk to yourself about events, experiences, and people plays a large role in shaping how you interpret events. When you find yourself interpreting something in a negative way or only focusing on the bad aspect of the situation, look for ways to reframe the events in a more positive light. This doesn’t mean ignoring potential dangers or wearing rose-colored glassesâ€"it simply means refocusing so that you give fair and equal weight to good events. Establish New Patterns When you find yourself ruminating on things, look for an uplifting activity to pull yourself out of this negative mindset. For example, if you find yourself mentally reviewing some unpleasant event or outcome, consciously try to redirect your attention elsewhere and engage in an activity that brings you joy. Listening to upbeat music, going for a walk, or reading a good book are all ways to get your mind off negative thoughts. Savor Positive Moments Because it takes more for positive experiences to be remembered, it is important to give extra attention to good things that happen. Where negative things might be quickly transferred and stored in your long-term memory, you need to make more of an effort to get the same effect from happy moments. So when something great happens, take a moment to really focus on it. Replay the moment several times in your memory and focus on the wonderful feelings the memory evokes. A Word From Verywell The negativity bias can have a powerful impact on your behavior, but being aware of it means that you can take steps to adopt a more positive outlook on life. Taking a more mindful approach that involves being aware of your own tendency toward negativity and consciously elevating happier thoughts to the forefront of awarenessâ€"this is one of the best ways to combat negative bias. Ruminating on the negative can take a serious toll, so taking steps to combat this bias can play a role in boosting your mental well-being. The Best Types of Happiness

Swot Analysis - 10425 Words

Puregold - 3191 New Panaderos St., Sta. Ana, Manila City - History: The advent of one-stop shopping convenience began in 1998 when PUREGOLD opened its first branch along Shaw Blvd. in Mandaluyong City. The store offered a wide array of goods from groceries, apparel, household accessories and furniture at very affordable prices. During that time, the one-stop shopping philosophy was still a novel idea to consumers but with the excellent service and quality products it provided, it did not take long for Puregold to make its mark in the retail industry. Today, it has grown into a giant retail chain with more than 50 stores nationwide. - No. of branches: Over 80 branches nationwide - No. of Employees: 60 employees SWOT Analysis:†¦show more content†¦The goal is to make affordable generic medicine more available to a greater number of the population at the soonest possible time. It thus became the first generics retail pharmacy to franchise in the Philippines. - No. of Branches: 1160 Branches nationwide - No. of Employees: 5 employees - SWOT Analysis: Strength Weaknesses Opportunities Threats It is one of the cheapest drug distributors in the country. Having the impression of cheap medicines less wellness. Selling a low cost of medicine and vitamins Big Drug store players World leader in franchising generic drug stores. Almost same service with other drug store And minimal product identity. When it comes of cheapest medicine generic pharmacy will always come up. Close competition with other generic drug store. Chowking – Padre Faura Corner Mabini Street Ermita, Metro Manila - History The company was founded in 1985 at a time when Western-style burger joints were dominating the Philippine fast food scene. On January 1, 2000, Chowking became a wholly owned subsidiary of Jollibee Foods Corporation, the Philippines biggest fast-food chain. The change in ownership gave rise to store renovations and a new corporate look and mindset that is visible from front-end to back-end. To ensure its continued growth, Chowking explored markets outside the Philippines. As of 2008, Chowking has over 400 stores within theShow MoreRelatedSwot Analysis Of Swot And Swot Analysis738 Words   |  3 Pagesknown as SWOT analysis. The SWOT analysis is business analysis method that business can use for each of its department when deciding on the most perfect way to increase their business and future growth. This procedure identifies the internal and external strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that are in the markets. SWOT analysis helps you decide your position against your competitors, identifies best future opportunities, and highlight current and future threats. 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SWOT analysis is a planning and brainstorming tool that helps people evaluate an idea or project for a business or formulate a business plan (Harmon, 2015). It should be noted that SWOT analysis is an acronym for Strengths, Weaknesses, OpportunitiesRead MoreSwot Analysis : Swot And Swot1081 Words   |  5 PagesSWOT Analysis: A SWOT analysis (SWOT matrix) first used by Stanford Research Institute during 1960-1970 and it was presented by Mr. Albert S. Humphrey a American business and management consultant by using data from fortune 500 companies. We can succeed in our life if we use our talents to our full extent. Similarly, we‘ll have some problems if we know our weakness are, and if we manage these weaknesses so that we don’t matter in the work we do. To understand more about our self and our externalRead MoreSwot Analysis : A Swot1708 Words   |  7 Pages A SWOT analysis is â€Å"a structured planning method used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats involved in a project or in a business venture.†(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT analysis, 03/11/14). A swot analysis can also be used to examine a person’s attributes. The strengths and weaknesses usually are internal factors whereas threats and opportunities are mainly external. Advantage Disadvantage Internal Strengths 1. Self-motivated 2. I am organised; accurate and pay attentionRead MoreSwot Analysis : Swot And Swot2320 Words   |  10 PagesSWOT analysis focuses on the internal factors which are the company’s strengths and weaknesses as well as the external factors which are the opportunities and threats which are gained from situational analysis, which focuses on summarizing all the pertinent information acquired about the key three environments of internal, customer, and external (Ferrell Hartline, 2014, p. 39). A SWOT analysis further gives a company precise advantages and disadvantages in satisfying the needs of its selectedRead MoreSwot Analysis : A Swot852 Words   |  4 PagesStrength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, commonly known as a SWOT analysis is used by businesses. Organizations use the SWOT analysis technique to figure out and understand their areas of strong suits (strengths), their inevitable flaws (weaknesses), prospects that the organization could look into (opportunities) a nd things that pose as intimidations to the organization (threats). There are many obstacles to overcome when it comes to international expansion. Obstacles such as; language andRead MoreSwot Analysis : Swot And Swot1957 Words   |  8 PagesSWOT analysis focuses on the internal factors which are the company’s strengths and weaknesses as well as the external factors which are the opportunities and threats which are gained from situational analysis which focuses on summarizing all the pertinent information acquired about the key three environments of internal, customer, and external (Ferrell Hartline, 2014, p. 39). A SWOT analysis further gives a company precise advantages and disadvantages in satisfying the needs of its selected marketsRead MoreSwot Analysis : The Swot1215 Words   |  5 PagesThe SWOT analysis was originally introduced by Andrews Christiansen, Guth and Learned in 1969 and its basic organizing principles have remained largely unchanged in the field of str ategic management. [BADEN-FULLER, C. H. A. R. L. E. S., STOPFORD, J. (2002). The Firm Matters More than the Industry. Strategy for Business: A Reader, 123.] It is a systematic framework which helps managers to develop their business strategies by appraising their internal and external determinants of their organization’sRead MoreSwot Analysis : The Swot1888 Words   |  8 PagesThe SWOT analysis, a strategic planning tool was developed by Albert Humphrey in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Albert is said to have come up with this strategic planning tool through the use of data the Fortune 500 companies in the United States of America at that time (Lancaster Massingham, 2011). A SWOT analysis determines the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, which are a relevant part of any organization especially the ones that get involved in new ventures. This tool assists the users

The Reign of Terror - 1316 Words

Explain why the French Revolution which seemingly began as a movement for equality and liberty developed into the Reign of Terror. The Reign of Terror was a period in the French revolution characterised by brutal repression and executions which took place from 1793 to 1794. It was a time of bloodshed and murder, aimed to destroy counter revolutionaries and conspirators, and attack foreign enemies, which resulted in the deaths of around 20,000 to 40,000 people, and was viewed by Robespierre as an inevitable period to stabilise France. The Reign of Terror was caused by the evolution of the French Revolution. The foreign attacks and counter revolutions further enhanced the French s protection of liberty and equality, caused great†¦show more content†¦The Law of General Maximum was passed on 29th September 1793 to control wages and limit food prices. This was immensely popular and had successfully pacified the people as the value of assignat rose to 48 per cent in December 1793. The increase of power of a political group, the Jacobins, was also a reason that helped to bring about the Terror. They were in alliance with the sans culottes, had turned more radical and extreme since the initial phase of the Revolution and would not hesitate to take terrorist actions against opponents to achieve the aims of the Revolution. They were in control of the main institutions of the Terror: the National Convention, the CPS, Committee of General Security (CGS), the Revolutionary Tribunal and the representatives-on-mission, therefore they ruled over France with a lot of power, which gave France a very strong and structured government, not seen since 1787. But the concentration of Jacobins power in these institutions turned into dictatorship and Judicial Terror was carried out. The legacy of violence from the Ancien Regime assisted the violent policies of the Jacobin Government. The old methods of slow and cruel tortures and punishments like public hangings were replac ed by the swift blow of the guillotine, a tool that was said to be aShow MoreRelatedReign of Terror1070 Words   |  5 Pages The Reign of Terror: Was It Justified? The Reign of Terror started in 1789 and was a time when supporters of the French Revolution ran wild and started killing non-supporters or counterrevolutionaries. The French held a ceremony if you will, in Paris for the execution of King Louis XVI on January 21, 1793. This was because Louis was having financial, and harvest issues. In June of 1789 King Louis called the Estates Meeting to discuss taxes and money problems. Then some men disliked whatRead MoreThe Reign of Terror894 Words   |  4 PagesThe Reign of Terror was a time during the French Revolution hundreds of thousands of people were executed by various means: guillotine, shot, and drowned. The Committee of Public Safety, lead by Maximilien de Robespierre, were in charge of these executions, and with the job of finding anti-revolutionaries forces. Many thought that what Robespierre was doing would just lead to a greater anti-revolution movement, which would in turn increase the number of executions. Others did not tak e action againstRead MoreThe Reign of Terror4635 Words   |  19 PagesThe Reign of Terror History is said to be written by the winners, but is it possible to rewrite history? In a way, the French, like many who have preceded them, and many who will proceed them have done the impossible, rewriting history. From trivial folklore, such as George Washington chopping down a cherry tree, to the incredibly wrong, the African slave trade; peoples views of history can be shaped and molded. The French have done a superb job of instilling all of us with the concept thatRead MoreCauses Of The Reign Of Terror766 Words   |  4 PagesThe Reign of Terror was one of historys symbolic events that have changed the world for the better. Have started with King Louis XVIs reign in 1789 to 1793 (document B); which lead France down a rabbit hole of poverty, starvation of the people, and an unfair tax system (background essay). All of Frances problems have manifested into something that King Louis has done, but cannot stop. With the help of Maximilien Robespierre, the Reign of Terror was declared to fix a corrupted government. The ReignRead MoreRobespierre and the Reign of Terror1544 Words   |  7 Pagesthousand to forty thousand died; it is still unknown exactly how many people were lost through the blood drenching event of the Reign of Terror.[Footnote] Throughout the French revolution, specifically the eleven month, 1793-1794 Reign of Terror, revolutionary leaders, such as Maximilien Robespierre believed in enforcing fear to resolve t he instability of France. â€Å"Terror is nothing else than swift, severe, indomitable justice; it flows, then, from virtue†-Maximilien Robespierre.[Footnote] This periodRead MoreCauses of the Reign of Terror1367 Words   |  6 PagesThe reign of terror was a period of violence in which occurred from 1793- 1794 after the strong onset of the French Revolution. It was a time of fierceness and anger, resulting in the deaths of thousands of people living in France at that period of time. The terror followed the trial and execution of King Louis XVI in 1793 and was incited by the conflict between the Girondins and Jacobins. Soon after, King Louis’ wife, Marie Antoinette, was executed in the guillotine- the new form of constitutionalistRead MoreThe Revolution Of The Reign Of Terror792 Words   |  4 Pagesof government, and the Reign of Terror’s new revolutionary government was no exception. Although the revolutionary government was meant to replace a tyrannical go vernment, it quickly turned into the dictatorial government it tried to replace and in many cases stepped far outside of the bounds of lawful or just action. During late 18th century France in the time period between the execution of King Louis XVI and the execution of Maximilien de Robespierre, the Reign of Terror senselessly guillotinedRead MoreReign of Terror Essay630 Words   |  3 PagesReign of Terror DBQ: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the Terror as an instrument of the French Revolution. France was experience a great amount of change in the summer of 1793, when the Jacobins succeeded the moderates in the National Convention. With the radical Jacobins in power, the country was in tumult, and a Reign of Terror ensued due to a law of suspects that legalized local revolutionary committees. Because of this, thousands of people were killed by guillotine or other methodsRead MoreThe Nazi Reign Of Terror878 Words   |  4 Pagespeople treated differently or did they suffer the same consequences under Nazi rule? The answer is, that while non-Jewish people often suffered the same fate as the Jews, the Jewish people suffered a more heinous and cruel version of the Nazi reign of terror as evidenced by historical accounts recounted by concentration camp survivors and those who lived during this time. Under the Nazi rule, the leader, Adolf Hitler’s design was to eradicate all groups other than the blue-eyed, fair-haired AryansRead More The Reign Of Terror Essay4589 Words   |  19 Pages The Reign of Terror   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  History is said to be written by the winners, but is it possible to rewrite history? In a way, the French, like many who have preceded them, and many who will proceed them have done the impossible, rewriting history. From trivial folklore, such as George Washington chopping down a cherry tree, to the incredibly wrong, the African slave trade; peoples views of history can be shaped and molded. The French have done a superb job of instilling all of us with the

Leadership And Change Management In Businesses Commerce Essay Free Essays

string(137) " that make their operations more profitable, and the could vouch their endurance and being as UK taking mail administering organisation\." Change is portion of every organisation. Every decennary informants autumn of a great organisation. The ground behind that is they were non ready to take portion in the alteration that was go oning around them ( D. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership And Change Management In Businesses Commerce Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ambani laminitis, Chairman Reliance Group Ltd ) . Every organisation with different grounds has to take portion in alteration. The ground may differ from increasing market portion, traveling with the competition, altering with the society or can besides be in order to last in the market. Change is something that is a critical, compulsory and requires all direction maps, which are Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Co-ordinating, Reporting, and Budgeting ( by Henry Fayol 1937 ) . 1.2: – Why do we necessitate alter direction? It is really of import to reply the inquiry why do we necessitate alter direction? Change direction has attributes rather similar to Organizational Development. Than why is at that place a demand to develop a new profession? Answer is rather realistic as alteration direction is broader than OD in that it includes a broader scope of increasing human resource public presentation, development of information engineering Jelinek A ; Litterer, 1988 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //ac.aua.am/gohar_grigoryan/Public/Fuller/273.pdf ) . Over the old ages many change direction theories and theoretical accounts have developed out of which there are some popular and widely used theories, there are no peculiar front-runner theories for deploying alteration, and it would surely be agreed that the whole construct is comparatively immature and developing. The whole construct is once more really situational and requires single attack based on the organisation and the alteration it wishes to undergo. But, one of the most popular and widely used alteration direction theory it the McKinsey ‘s 7S theoretical account, which can non merely be used as a alteration direction theory, but besides in instance of analyzing an organisation and its activities. 2. ‘Royal Mail ‘ Introduction 2.1 In Brief Royal Mail letters bestowed with the duty of presenting and roll uping stations from within the United Kingdom is a subordinate of Royal Mail Ltd, which besides manages the POST OFFICE A ; PARCEL FORCE. Attained its separate individuality in the twelvemonth 1986 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_mail ) , Royal Mail employees the staff up to 121,000, which exceeds the figure of staff in full Royal Mail Group ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8304722.stm ) . The poster industry in United Kingdom was dominated by the Royal Mail, by every bit much as 99 per centum of the local stations being managed by Royal Mail, which since 2005 has been confronting of all time increasing competition. Technological promotion is another external issue the has reduced the possible market size as The Royal Mail posts 9 million less letters than what it used to in the twelvemonth 2005 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8304722.stm ) , as more and more concern organisations and persons depend upon E-mails and assorted IT based formats to pass on. 3: – The Issues of alteration The direction has been confronting rather serious functional and survival issues in past few old ages. The organisation is non executing good in the profitableness standards, as the figure mentioned below will turn out that the direction has serious functional issues to be sorted out to do the operation more effectual. Ever increasing shortage in its pension financess has made the direction to rethink its bing policies and increase its net income to make full the shortage, and in order to run into the market demand and compete with the challengers on similar evidences the direction has to bring on its operation with modern engineering and do their operations more effectual. 3.1: – Decreasing Net incomes Royal Mail faced serious functional issues, which made its operation suffer losingss up to ?279 million in the fiscal twelvemonth of 2007 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7417634.stm ) . It faced serious issues associating to its traditional methods of screening and delivering, which were critically evaluated to be the premier cause of its losingss. The direction decided to bring on their premier operations which involved sorting and presenting mails with engineering, in signifier of modernisation policy to do the operation and finally the operation of organisation more profitable. The losingss were so terrible that the proposal was passed in the hosiery of common to sell the major interest of Royal Mail to do privatize its operation ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8426538.stm ) . 3. 2: – Increasing Competent Competition After the liberalisation of UK postal services in the twelvemonth 2005, the competition that royal mail faced were of all time increasing. A really good illustration was confronted to the direction when they lost the contract of 8 million lbs to present the 2nd category mail of Amazon Book a really popular cyberspace shopping site ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6252202.stm ) . The direction found out that most of its rivals used high-tech machinery for screening and administering doing them more efficient and therefore deriving the trusts of the clients, and that they are falling behind as they have non been able to overhaul ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6768983.stm ) . Therefore, 2nd most of import issue necessitating the direction to do critical technological alterations called for a modernisation policy. 3.3: – Decrease in Market Research conducted by the BBC shows that Royal Mail delivers around 75 million stations everyday. It counts to 90 per centum of the UK ‘s market. The figure might look excessive, but is cut downing at an dismaying rate of 10 per centum every twelvemonth. Plus a crisp addition in figure of cyberspace users have reduced the market of Royal Mail, around 70 per centum of places in UK usage Internet and around 87percent of them send electronic mails ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8304722.stm ) . This decrease in the market shows that the direction needs to be really efficient in their operations. 3. 4: – Pension Fund Deficit An estimation from the similar research mentioned above shows that royal mail besides faces serious issues in pension fund shortages, which has amounted around ?8 billion ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8304722.stm ) , These issues forced the direction to travel things otherwise, and to come up with a policy that make their operations more profitable, and the could vouch their endurance and being as UK taking mail administering organisation. You read "Leadership And Change Management In Businesses Commerce Essay" in category "Essay examples" 4: – The Modernization Policy of Royal Mail It is really clear, that a stringent policy was required to undertake all the issue ( mentioned supra ) that direction faced and to prolong in long tally, the direction did the exact thing by bordering a modernisation policy, which could be called as a type of procedure alteration by Pull offing alteration and passage Harvard Business Essential. The policy required the direction to bring on extra finance of around 1.2 billion in modern machine. Modern machinery meant that estimated 40,000 employees will free their occupations ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8304722.stm ) , and the policy besides focused on altering the agenda of the employee, to do their labour hr direction more effectual. The purpose of modernisation policy was to undertake and startle Royal mail working against all the above mentioned issues. The inducement of excess finance for machinery would intend that the operation of mail would be more effectual, speedier and able to vie with the increasing and competent competition. The decrease in staff would ensue into cost effectual operations and therefore increasing its net income and ensuing into lessening in its pension fund shortages. 5: – Resistance to the ‘Modernization Policy ‘ The framing of policy was such that would make obvious opposition from the staff/union. The policy execution estimated around 40,000 occupation cuts, which increased to around 63,000 in the twelvemonth 2010 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8339201.stm ) and could farther increase harmonizing to the CWU ( Communication Workers Union, which represented the Staff of Royal Mail ) . The Union agreed with direction on the staff decrease for endurance, but disagreed on the gait of occupation cuts and the wage rise issues. It would be undue towards the direction if I said that they failed to follow the alteration direction theory, of McKinsey ‘s seven ‘S ‘ . The information shows that they prepared and coordinated all the seven ‘S ‘ within their organisation, including the staff for the alteration they wanted to implement by subscribing a contract in 2007 with the CWU saying their consent to implement the modernisation policy ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7038899.stm ) . 5. 1: – ‘Royal Mail Industrial Dispute ‘ A confrontation and consent with CWU gave a spell to the alteration policy to be implemented, and the execution began in the twelvemonth 2008 all around UK, but when the same reached London, as per the fright of CWU the occupation loss had already reached the outlook as mentioned above and it could no longer digest ignorance of staff over implementing the policy. Demanding a clearer image and direct engagement in the execution of the 2nd stage of the alteration policy the brotherhood showed agitation in the twelvemonth 2009, and presented direction with below mentioned demands and a committedness from direction to be able to successfully implement their demands. Management were neither capable nor wishing to carry through their demand, i.e. Pay rise that would do their wage equal to the national norm ( which would be about 27 % ) . Addition in pensions support and installations ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6252202.stm ) . The demand made by the CWU workers were non merely hideous, but merely non viably for the organisation to follow, ensuing in a series of national degree work stoppage by the CWU interrupting non merely the normal operation of the Royal Mail, but impeding the execution of its policy and badly impacting little concern in the UK ( who still rely on poster and having checks, etc, hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8277206.stm ) . The work stoppages started from August 2009 ensuing into series of work stoppage boulder clay November 2009, and came on a clasp on history of Christmas ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8345643.stm ) . The impact of work stoppage can non be represented in figure, but the blow was to the public presentation of the companies as the little concern shifted to other courier suppliers to take attention of their mail. 6: – Harmonization between Management and the Union. On 8th March 2010, a study from the BBC conformed that direction of Royal Mail has successfully been able to carry the Union to assist implement the modernisation policy. Demands of Union were cohesively fitting underpinning the benefits of both the stakeholders. Management agreed to give a wage rise of 6.9 % over three old ages and an extra monitory fillip of ?1,400 to all full clip employees. In bends, the Union agreed to utilize the modern engineering in their sorting offices, and cut down their hours from 40 to 39 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8556487.stm ) . 6. 1: – Too small excessively late The agitation and opposition with the brotherhood was dealt with but, the lone inquiry to be asked here was the trade clip effectual for the direction and the organisation? The national degree work stoppage started in center of 2009 and the common understanding between the direction and the staff was reached following twelvemonth in the month of March 2010. The inability of the direction to come on common evidences with the brotherhood at the very clip of execution can non be overseen. Every alteration has its ain opposition, that is were demand of alteration direction arises, direction has to calculate and happen out ways to undertake all the factors positive or negative to expeditiously implement alteration. 6. 2: – Failure to Manage McKinsey ‘s 7S My position on the Change / Modernization policy adopted by the direction of Royal Mail would be a failure. It certainly adopted with McKinsey ‘s 7S but surely failed to follow/ the theory. They wholly failed to convey the Staff together with all other S. Although the cost of it might be hard for me to turn out but, it is proved from a study by BBC that it hired 30,000 staff from bureau to run into with merely its regular demand in state of affairs of national degree work stoppages ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8339201.stm ) . This should hold increased the cost of Royal mails daily working, and the losingss it might hold incurred non being able to utilize the machinery it had invested ?1.2 billion in. This pandemonium in execution of alteration policy has made me understand that Timely execution of the alteration policy plays a critical function in its success. Royal Mail surely failed in implementing the alteration policy in a timely and efficient mode. 7: – Personal Deduction Every alteration policy has a station mortem study, I would measure the alteration policies execution of Royal Mail as a Failure and a most of import lesson to be taken away by improper execution of this policy is how of import the engagement of staff becomes in effectual execution of the alteration policy, and how an full organisation ‘s growing can be curtailed to failure merely by non being able to clearly facing and affecting one factor into its policy. 7.1: – Decision Effective leading is really of import for an organisation as it provides the vision for the organisation and all its stakeholders. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/corpstrtgy/changemmt/chngmgmt.htm? IsSrchRes=1 ) In instance of Royal Mail the direction clearly failed on below mentioned personally analyzed points It failed to be effectual leaders as they failed to supply the vision to the Union and hence the staff about the effects of the alteration and how many of them will be straight every bit good as indirectly affected by the existent execution of alteration. â€Å" When of all time human communities are forced to set to switching conditions hurting is of all time present † , John P. Kotter Leading Change, 1996, Pg 4, the direction in this instance clearly failed to tag these points and continued to come on alteration until it was met with rough opposition. Failures in pass oning for bargain in by John P. Kotter A ; Deloitte Consultancy LLC 2002. The direction failed to pass on from bosom about the waies of alteration before get downing the enterprise of alteration. A failure can be associated with all the negatives and the ‘do n’t ‘ but in my position these grounds could in brief amount up the alteration procedure / modernisation policy adopted by Royal Mail. How to cite Leadership And Change Management In Businesses Commerce Essay, Essay examples

Management and Laying Off Employees Strategy †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Management and Laying Off Employees Strategy. Answer: Justifying the statement The statement that organizations that lay off employees frequently fail to improve their long-term performance is true and justified. As commented by McCord (2014), organizations become conservative with spending due to which layoffs seems to be extremely significant. Laying off talent is planned and executed by the business organizations in order to restore their financial resources. Laying off employees is a strategy undertaken by the business organization to save their financial resources by minimising the amount of salary paid to the employees as well as spending on the employees. The manner in which organizations lay off people can have a huge impact on their potential and current talent pool. Laying off talents signifies higher attrition rate of the employees. In certain instances, the organization might fail to recognize the talent and experience of the employees they require for the long-term benefit of the organization. Therefore, in order to save financial resources for sho rt-term purpose, the business organization fails to consider the long-term benefit of decreasing the attrition rate of the employees. According to Silzer and Dowell (2010), based on the current business and market situation, the business organizations lay off talents by terminating the experienced and skillful employees. However, the business organizations tend to consider the present prospects of the industry and sector, the business organization belongs to (Karren Sherman, 2012). Therefore, the business organizations fail to predict the future demands of the sector and industry and lay off talented employees that would provide a competitive advantage for the company in future. Thus, the organizations that lay off employees frequently fail to improve their long-term performance is absolutely justified. Impact of laying off talent on the management of the talent pool Talent lay off might have both positive and negative impact themanagement of the talent pool. As commented by Sobieralski and Nordstorm (2012), laying off talent provides an opportunity for the business organizations to save the financial resources based on the current market and business sector. However, on the other hand, laying of talent results in failure for the business organization to evaluate the future needs of the industry and sector. Therefore, themanagement of the talent pool seems to to be adversely affected. Based on the present scenario, themanagement terminates highly experienced and skilful employees that might be extremely beneficial for the business organization in the future. As commented by Davenport, Harris and Shapiro (2010), having those talented employees would also provide a competitive advantage for the business organization. However, in order to save the current financial resources of the company, laying off the talented employees hamper themanagement of t he talent pool. This is because in future the company has to again recruit and hire talented employees having required skills and experience for coping up with the current situation in the future. The business organization and the management might face troubles in the future in recruiting suitable employees and might incur additional financial charges for the business organization (Prasad, 2013). Therefore, the entire management of the talent pool will be disturbed and affected due to lack of talented, experienced and skilful employees for the business organization. Methods of evaluating employee performance The organizations use various methods of measuring the talents of the employees in order to ensure that they are not laying off talents that determine the future success of the organization. As commented by Bernardin and Wiatrowski (2013), behavioural checklist is one of the most widely used methods of measuring the employee talents. The behavioural checklist is a checklist of the behaviours that need to be followed by the employees. This is a valuable method used for measuring the employee talents, as having a professional and ethical behaviour is significant for the employees. According to ONeill (2010), organizational success is highly dependent on the behaviours of the employees, as this helps in maintaining positive environment both internally and externally. On the other hand, 360-degree feedback is another effective method used by the business organizations to measure the employee talents (Nowack Mashihi, 2012). The implementation of this method provides an opportunity for th e business organization to use a comprehensive look to evaluate and measure the talents and performance of the employees by pulling feedback from external sources. For using this method for measuring employee talent, the manager and the employee need to complete an assessment of the employee's work performance as well as technical skill set. Therefore, it can be concluded that effective measures need to be implemented by the business organizations to evaluate the talent of the employees in order to ensure that they are not laying off the talent that is most critical for the future success of the organization is essential. Impact of layoff on Model for Building Functional Expertise Model of building functional expertise is defined as the section or group of employees within the organization that holds special expertise and talents. These employees greatly determine the overall success of the organization along with providing them the competitive advantage, as they are the powerhouse of talent that the management utilises to sustain in the competitive market. However, the talent layoff has a huge impact on the model for building functional expertise. This is because laying off talent disturbs the model for building functional expertise. In order to save the financial resources based on the present market situation and demand, the management might lay off their talented employees that will be useful in the future (Davis, Trevor Feng, 2015). As a result, the organization might lose the talented people that would have been beneficial for them in the future. Moreover, in the future because of laying off talent the organization might not be able to find such skillful and experienced experts. Furthermore, the business organization might incur additional charges for the future recruitment and selection process in search of talented employees (Douthitt Mondore, 2014). This might be a major setback for the organization, as the time consumed by the organization for recruitment and selection will provide a competitive advantage for the competitors in the market and sector. References Bernardin, H. J., Wiatrowski, M. (2013). Performance appraisal. Psychology and Policing, 257. Davenport, T. H., Harris, J., Shapiro, J. (2010). Competing on talent analytics. Harvard Business Review, 88(10), 52-58. Retrieved from Business Source Complete database. Davis, P. R., Trevor, C. O., Feng, J. (2015). Creating a more quit-friendly national workforce? Individual layoff history and voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(5), 1434. Douthitt, S., Mondore, S. (2014). Creating a business-focused HR function with analytics and integrated talent management. People and Strategy, 36(4), 16. Karren, R., Sherman, K. (2012). Layoffs and unemployment discrimination: a new stigma. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(8), 848-863. McCord, P. (2014). How netflix reinvented HR. Harvard Business Review, 92(1), 71-76. Nowack, K. M., Mashihi, S. (2012). Evidence-based answers to 15 questions about leveraging 360-degree feedback. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 64(3), 157. O'Neill, H. (2010). New potential in reach for succession technology. Workforce Management, 89(8), 8. Retrieved from Business Source Complete database. Prasad, R. S. (2013). Green HRM-Partner in sustainable competitive growth. Journal of Management Sciences and Technology, 1(1), 15-18. Silzer, R., Dowell, B. E. (Eds.). (2010). Strategy-driven talent management: A leadership imperative. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Sobieralski, J., Nordstrom, C. R. (2012). An examination of employee layoffs and organizational justice perceptions. Journal of Organizational Psychology, 12(3/4), 11.

Although Zephaniah Kingsley Did Not View The Slaves As Harshly As The

Although Zephaniah Kingsley did not view the slaves as harshly as the other white slave owners of that time his views were essentially opposite than those of David Walker. David Walker was the son of a slave father and a free black mother. This parentage, according to the laws of slavery, made him free. He received an education and resided in several states throughout his lifetime. As a result of his observations and experiences with slavery, he wrote his Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World which basically delivers a candid description of racism and slavery in the United States and also calls upon the black population to rise and reclaim their identity as members of the human race. Zephaniah Kingsley on the other hand, was a white Florida planter and slave owner who argued that the institution of slavery was an essential and necessary part of life in the South. Although Kingsley's views were in favor of slavery he differed from most whites in that he did not believe that bla cks were inferior. The extent of David Walker's opinion on slavery can basically be summarized in this statement, The inhuman system of slavery, is the source from which most of our miseries proceed.? Walker, (3) He argues that in no other time in history has a group of people been so mistreated as the slaves of the white Americans. To support this he claims that never before has their humanity been questioned. For example, he brings up the point that many Americans considered black people to be direct descendants of monkeys. Walker, (10) In addition to being labeled as inferior, blacks were also prohibited from becoming educated and also from getting together to worship God. According to Walker, becoming educated posed a threat to the whites who then feared that they could no longer control their slaves. For coloured people to acquire learning in this country, makes tyrants quake and tremble on their sandy foundation.? Walker, (31) Perhaps the point that makes David Walker feel so strongly about his a rgument is that to him the American people were in a sense walking contradictions. In Article IV of his Appeal he refers to the Declaration of Independence particularly the line ?We hold these truths to be self evident-that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights: that are among these, life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness Walker implores the Americans to think about how the cruelties imposed upon them by the British pale in comparison to the ones they subject the slaves to. To conclude Walker's argument, the one thing that made him adamant about slavery aside from the immense cruelty was that he could not find one justification for the deplorable treatment of his people other than inherent evil on the part of the white Americans. Completely contrary to David Walker's views were that of Zephaniah Kingsley. Just as Walker wrote his Appeal expressing his opposition to slavery, Kingsley wrote the Treatise on the Patriarchal, or Co-operative System of Society, As it Exists in Some Governments, And Colonies in America, and in the United States, Under the Name of Slavery, With its Necessity and Advantages. This document, although in favor of slavery, addresses it not as a matter of race but rather a sort of economic system and also dismisses the idea of black inferiority. Perhaps this point is reinforced with the fact that he had an extended family consisting of many children from various slave women, which he openly acknowledged as his own and even provided for them in his will. He states, ?To destroy the prejudice existing against slavery, under the circumstances with which it is now associated in the South, is the object of this essay.? Stowell, (45) Kingsley believed in a three-caste social system consisting of whites, free blacks, and slaves. The success of this system depended on the free blacks and whites working together through common economic interest. Stowell, (1) This system also allowed for the moving up in social status of the blacks provided they achieve economic success. One of Kingsley's strongest points in his proslavery argument was that the South's prosperity depended exclusively on agriculture,

Leukemia at the Age Over 50 essays

Leukemia at the Age Over 50 essays Each year, nearly 27,000 adults and more than 2,000 children in the United States learn that they have a disease called leukemia. Leukemia is a type of cancer. Cancer is a group of more than 100 diseases that have two important characteristics in common. One of those is that certain cells in the body become abnormal. The other characteristic is that the body keeps producing large numbers of these abnormal cells. Leukemia is cancer of the blood cells. To understand leukemia, it is helpful to know about normal blood cells and what happens to them when leukemia develops. The blood is made up of fluid called plasma and three types of cells. Each type has special functions. White blood cells - help the body fight infections and other diseases. Red blood cells - carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and take carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. The red blood cells give blood its color. Platelets - help form blood clots that control bleeding. Normally, blood cells are produced in an orderly, controlled way, as the body needs them. This process helps keep us healthy. When leukemia develops, the body produces large numbers of abnormal blood cells. In most types of leukemia, the abnormal cells are white blood cells. The leukemia cells usually look different from normal blood cells since they do not function properly. There are several types of leukemia. They are grouped in two ways. One way is by how quickly the disease develops and gets worse. The other way is by the type of blood cell that is affected. In acute leukemia, the abnormal blood cells are blasts and thus remain very immature and cannot carry out their normal functions. The number of blasts increases rapidly, and the disease gets worse quickly. In chronic leukemia, some blast cells are present, but in general, these cells are more mature and can carry out some of their normal functions. Also, the number of blasts increases less rapidly ...

AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE DIFFICULTIES OF PROVIDING EXCELLENT CUSTOMER Essay

AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE DIFFICULTIES OF PROVIDING EXCELLENT CUSTOMER SERVICE - Essay Example This essay will explicate customer service and its recent trends, its good and negative practices, the disadvantages of bad customer service, its difficulties and how to improve this as a profession. Customer Service: The Basic Customer service relates to marketing and sale of product to a customer from manufacturer to targeted end-user (La Londe and Zinser, 1976). In this service, there is so much need about worker’s availability, reliability, quality delivery of services, responsiveness, organizational ability, communication skill and flexibility. While valuing customer, the customer service representative (CSR) should integrate quality service to develop customer retention and to inculcate competitive advantage in the marketing arena. As such, this means that the CSR is able to contribute improve the profitability of the company. Positive Customer service It is perceived that positive customer service is characterized with sensitivity to buy and sell transactional relations , sufficient knowledge on the crossing-points in the supply chain viz-a-viz marketing orientation, organization in performing tasks and good cognizance of the factors relating to buying-and-sell situation. The customer must therefore be knowledgeable on standard product or service delivery system; immediately recognize critical service problems; develop customer communication system; and have ability to build relations with clients. Kano, Seraku, Takahasi,& Tsuji (1984) explained that positive service is obtain whenever customer satisfaction and marketing strategies are achieved through quality management. Kano et.al (1984). This refers to the ability of the customer representative to meet the six quality attributes. These factors are basic entry threshold toward customer fulfillment, excitement factor, and performance ability (Kano et.al, 1984). Other factors are the indifferent, questionable and reverse attributes. The latter are not much regarded by customers though (Kano et.al., 1984). It is essential however that the customer service representative is able to articulate to customer the basic features of the product or service sold and relate with flexibility, simplicity, adjustability and cost (Kano et.al,1984). As workers, they must be able to balance the financial, customer, business processes and learning perspectives while tending to clients. Financial factor refers to an attribute of being knowledgeable on company’s financial data, including automation of financial processing, to keep them abreast on market risks and to ascertain cost-benefit of investment (Kano et.al,1984). On customer sensitivity, performance management CSR must be able to meet reasonably the customers’ needs and satisfaction (Kano et.al,1984). On the business side, CSR should know how to contribute in strategic management because his task is ultimately linked with the overall goal of the company he or she represents (Kano et.al,1984). He is part of the support process es. Balancing views on these factors can help bolster the performance of the company. It assists in integrating quality and customer service programs for profit, reliability, influence, customer empathy and to ensure quality assurance (Kano et.al,1984).

Stem Cell Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Stem Cell Research - Essay Example It is nobody's case that stem cell research is a bad thing. Each one of us hopes for a day when no disease will be categorized as incurable', and the potential in this line of work to realize that dream is plain for all to see. The controversy that stem cell research has provoked - sharply dividing public opinion and placing the government and President Bush in a quandary -- has to do with an ethical concern over the use of embryos. Why must embryos be utilized Why not depend on adult stem cells instead and get on with the research without causing any harm to the subject Scientists have good reason for this. Stem cell research has at its core a kind of cell called pluripotent' -- essentially an innocent' cell which has not begun to develop into any specific tissue - such as blood or brain or heart cells. But this state of innocence lasts only three to five days, and if scientists can seize on this small window of opportunity, they can isolate and coax it to develop into any of the 220 types of human cell lines. Which in turn can be used to repair or replace specific tissue and treat any disease that involves tissue degeneration - such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, afflictions in the central nervous system, Type 1 diabetes, liver malfunctions etc. Adult stem cells do have some relevance in this research, but they are not so pliant and therefore they cannot be programmed to differentiate into more than a few of the necessary 220 cell lines. Scientifically, an airtight argument in support of the use of embryos - which, alas, does nothing to address the moral and ethical concerns. What right do we have to play God, snuff out a life and willfully deny it of its potential to grow into a healthy human being Life, according to Christian belief, begins at conception, and no matter whether that life is sparked off in a womb or in a Petri dish, its destruction amounts to murder. So, are we willing to commit murder in the name of science And if we are, then where does it end By pushing the limits of morality, we are only helping to create a society where life is so cheap that one person can use another without compunction or accountability. As the late Pope John Paul II pointed out to President Bush (2001), "In defending the right to life . America can show the world the path to a truly humane future in which man remains the master, not the product, of his technology." Scientists counter this charge by pulling cold facts out of the trash can. Stem cells, they reiterate, can be extracted from the surplus frozen embryos left over at fertility clinics. Typically, these embryos - numbering in hundreds of thousands -- are discarded as medical waste after an infertile couple's desire for a child has been fulfilled. So where's the sense in arguing on behalf of an embryo which is destined to perish anyway It must come as a relief to stem cell researchers that more and more people are shaking off their knee-jerk response to the emotionally-loaded issue and finally buying into this view: the results of a Harris Poll (2004) showed that 73 per cent of the people interviewed approved of the research, compared to 61 per cent in 2001. Celebrities too - a major voice in these media-driven times - have mostly come out in support of stem cell research, and the involvement of actors such as the late Christopher Reeve, Michael J. Fox,

Ultrasonography Advantages and Disadvantages

Ultrasonography Advantages and Disadvantages ULTRASONOGRAPHY Ultrasonography is a sound based diagnostic imaging technique used for visualising subcutaneous body structures including muscles joints vessels and internal organs for possible pathology and lesions. Sonography was introduced in the Medical field in early 1950s with steady development. The requirement of Ultrasound has gained importance in medical field and slowly its use in dentistry is also advancing. In Ultrasonography high frequency sound waves are transmitted in to the body by a transducer and the reflected waves are detected and displayed on a monitor. Sound reflection occurs between materials with different acoustic properties. The acoustic impedance of a medium is the product of its density and the propagation velocity in the medium. The transducers are intended to produce longitudinal waves therefore only those waves can pass through tissues get reflected, Audio frequency of a sound wave is 20 KHz any frequency above this is known as ultrasound. Medical Ultrasound uses the frequency of 1-15 MHz. The transducer contains quartz crystals and works on a principle called as piezoelectric effect. Piezoelectric effect is when a force is applied perpendicular to the faces of a quartz crystal an electric charge will result. This charge can be de ­tected and amplified, producing a useful electric signal. Conversely, if an electric sig ­nal is applied to the crystal, expansion or con ­traction of the crystal will take place depend ­ing on the polarity of the signal. Oscillating signals cause the crystal to vi ­brate, resulting in propagation of sound waves into the medium with which the crystal is in contact.52 Advantages of this imaging technique include – Non invasive Non ionizing radiation is used Simple Real time imaging Portable machine Can repeat and easy to store Less artifacts Disadvantages include – Operator and equipment dependant Hard tissue cannot be imaged Deep structures cannot be visualized Application of Ultrasonography in dentistry: Ultrasonography has been used as non-invasive technique for the imaging of relatively deep areas. Recently, however high frequency USG has been developed that can provide detail investigation of more superficial regions.53, 54 USG has extensive range of use in dentistry such as to detect cyst and tumors of orofacial region, lympadenitis, space infections, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders and mid face fractures. USG can detect of fractures of the maxillofacial region i.e. nasal bone fractures, orbital rim fractures, maxillary fractures, mandibular fractures, zygomatic arch fractures as well as reduction healing of fractures. Ultrasound is used to detect parotid lesions, where solid and cystic lesions are reliably differentiated and diffuse enlargement of the parotid gland (or) focal disease is readily shown by ultrasound. Sonographically, benign lesions usually appear well defined, homogeneous and hypoechoic, while malignant lesions tend to be ill defined and hypoechoic with heterogeneous internal architecture and enlarged cervical lymph node may be visible and reactive intra parotid lymph nodes may also be readily assessed.55, 56, 57 USG can also be used during FNAC. This technique offers the ability to sample non palpable diseases, gives access to different regions of the lesion and approaches the lesion from different angles. During biopsy of parotid gland there is chance of injuring the facial nerve (or) seeding neoplastic cells, under ultrasound guidance these can be avoided.56 The value of USG is well recognized in inflammatory soft tissue conditions of the head and neck region and superficial tissue disorders of the maxillofacial region. Ultra sound can provide the content of the lesion before any surgical procedure; both solid and cystic contents could be identified in ultrasound. The mixed lesions should be considered neoplastic and should be biopsied before surgical procedure.USG helps in detecting the extend of space infections in oral and maxillofacial region. Ultrasound is also an precise modality for measuring the thickness of muscles, data regarding thickness may provide information useful in diagnosis and treatment especially in follow up examination in cases of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD).58 USG is indiacted in TMD to evaluate the osseous contours of joints and joint space, joint effusion, detection of disc position and dynamic evaluation and inflammatory disorders like Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis etc. Ultrasound can also be used for detecting sialoliths in parotid, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, which appear as echo-dense spots with a characteristic acoustic shadow.59 In Ultrasound, color Doppler sonography has been developed to identify vasculatures and to enable evaluation of the blood flow, velocity and vessel resistance together with surrounding Morphology. It can be used for detecting the course of the facial artery and for detecting hemangioma. So the use of ultrasound is unlimited, so proper application of this Imaging can be of use in detecting various normal pathological lesions in the maxillofacial region. Literature search Manjunath K et al (2011) evaluated oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) by clinical and histopathological examination, and compared the results with those from ultrasonographic technique.30 clinically diagnosed OSMF patients were subjected to both ultrasonographic and histopathological evaluation before treatment. Later, only ultrasonographical examination using 9-5 MHz transducer was done during 4thand 8thweek of treatment. Intralesional injections of a combination of dexamethasone sodium phosphate 4 mg/ml and hyaluronidase 1500 IU twice a week for 8 weeks were given. At each visit, following topical application of lignocaine 2%, 1500 IU of hyaluronidase was dissolved in 2.0 ml of dexamethasone sodium phosphate in a 2 ml disposable syringe and the drugs were injected at multiple sites submucosally by means of a gauge 24 needle, taking care that not more than 0.2 ml solution was injected per site. Prognosis of the lesion for the treatment was evaluated. Peak systolic velocity (PSV) of bloo d in the lesional area was statistically analyzed. 10 normal individuals without any mucosal lesions were considered as the control group.In normal individuals, ultrasonography delineated normal mucosa with uniform fine mottled appearance with interspersed hypoechoic areas. Colour Doppler and spectral Doppler depicted uniform distribution of blood vessels and normal peak systolic velocity of blood respectively. All OSMF patients were diagnosed upon clinical and histopathological examination. Clinical examination revealed 14 individuals with unilateral palpable fibrotic bands and 16 individuals with bilateral fibrotic bands whereas, ultrasonographic evaluation revealed 6 individuals with unilateral fibrotic bands and 24 individuals were with bilateral fibrotic bands, which was statistically significant. Ultrasonography demonstrated number, length and thickness of the fibrotic bands. Color Doppler and spectral Doppler showed decreased vascularity and PSV in lesional area. Prognosis ev aluation revealed 25 cases of good prognosis and 5 cases were showed poor prognosis. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test revealed no significant difference of PSV was seen in poor prognosis patients.The study concluded that Ultrasonography could be a better diagnostic tool compared to clinical and histopathological examination.2 Krithika C et al (2013) assessed the sonographic features of the buccal mucosa in patients with oral submucous fibrosis (OSF).Three groups (controls with areca-related habits, controls without areca-related habits and clinically diagnosed OSF cases), each comprising 30 subjects, were included in the study. After a thorough clinical examination, transcutaneous B-mode ultrasonography was performed with a multifrequency linear transducer (5-10à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °MHz) for anterior and posterior buccal mucosa bilaterally. Both clinical and ultrasound findings were recorded by three independent observers. One-way analysis of variance and Tukeys honestly significant difference post-hoc tests were used for statistical comparisons between groups and Pearson χ (2) tests to compare the proportions. Kappa statistics was used to determine the interobserver agreement. The submucosa that appeared hypoechoic in the control groups had significantly increased echogenicity in the case group (hypo- to isoechoic in 46.7% and isoechoic in 53.3%). The differentiation between the submucosa and the muscle layer appeared distinct in the control groups while it was not clear in the case group (indistinct in 50% and completely lost in 50%). The number of sites found positive on the ultrasound was significantly greater than the number of clinically positive sites. There was a very good inter observer consistency in clinical and ultrasound findings. Ultrasonography of the buccal mucosa demonstrated increased submucosal echogenicity and reduced echo differentiation between submucosa and muscle layer in OSF cases. Hence, it can be used as a non-invasive imaging modality to assess the disease extent and severity across the entire buccal mucosa to supplement clinical evaluation.7 P Rangaiah (2010) performed a hospital based cross sectional study to measure the thickness of submucosa with the application of high frequency ultrasonography (USG) in cases and controls and to correlate clinical and histological stages of the disease with the USG measurements. Study consisted of 20 subjects who were clinically and histopathologically proven of OSMF and 20 controls who were selected by matching the age body mass index to OSMF patients. Transcutaneous imaging of Buccal and labial submucosa was done using a high frequency (3-12 MHz) USG. The values were correlated with the habit and clinical and histological staging of the disease. Result The mean submucosal thickness of ABM for cases was0.209  ± 0.072 cms and for controls was 0.056  ± 0.011 cms, PBM for cases was 0.218  ± 0.080 and for controls was 0.057  ± 0.010 cms, ULM for cases was 0.149  ± 0.051 cms and for controls was 0.055  ± 0.015 cms, and for LLM for cases was 0.162  ± 0.052 cms and for the c ontrols was 0.060  ± 0.017 cms. The study group had a increased submucosal thickness when compared to control group in all the measured sites. A significant positive association was obtained in relation of submucosal thickness with frequency of chewing habits. An insignificant correlation was obtained with respect to submucosal thickness with duration of habit and duration of quid keeping. An incompatibility was noted when comparison of clinical and histological staging was done with USG measurements, which could be attributed to smaller sample size, unequal number of subjects in each staging of OSMF. But many cases showed definite increase in submucosal thickness as the disease progressed from early to advanced stage. Echogenecity pattern of submucosa showed areas of irregular hyperechoic (increased) linear streaks due to fibrotic deposits in cases. In the contrary the submucosa of controls appeared as a band of hypoechoic zone. Conclusion of the present preliminary study was abl e to establish the normal values of submucosal thickness ultrasonographically for a small group of South Indian population. The study showed a significant increase in submucosal thickness in OSMF patients which was measured ultrasonographically.60 Devathambi JR (2013) evaluated the efficacy of ultrasonography (USG) as a non-invasive tool in assessing the severity of OSMF and also to assess the relationship between OSMF and hypertrophy of the masseter muscle. The submucosal thickness in buccal mucosa and masseteric muscle hypertrophy were measured using ultrasound (10-15 MHz) in 60 patients comprising 30 OSMF patients and 30 controls. Results were analyzed by one way analysis of variance, Chi-square test and t- test. The range of the normal submucosal thickness in the study was between 0.045 and 0.056 cm.the submucosal thickness in OSMF patients ranged between 0.090cm to 0.258.As the stages of OSMF advanced there was an increase in submucosal thickness of the buccal mucosa as well as masseter muscle thickness in both relaxed and contracted state in the study group when compared with controls (P61 P Kant (2014) evaluated the efficacy of ultrasonography (USG) as a non-invasive tool in assessing the severity of OSMF and also to assess the relationship between OSMF and hypertrophy of the masseter muscle. The submucosal thickness in buccal mucosa and masseteric muscle hypertrophy were measured using ultrasound (10-15 MHz) in 60 patients comprising 30 OSMF patients and 30 controls. Results were analyzed by one way analysis of variance, Chi-square test and t-test. As the stages of OSMF advanced there was an increase in submucosal thickness of the buccal mucosa as well as masseter muscle thickness in both relaxed and contracted state in the study group when compared with controls (p62 Kamala KA et al (2010) investigated thickness of masseter muscle at rest and at maximum clenching position by ultrasonography with masseter muscle hypertrophy in OSMF patient and control group, and also to establish the normal value of masseter muscle thickness ultrasonographically and to prove that ultrasonography is reliable diagnostic technique for the evaluation of masseter muscle hypertrophy in oral submucous fibrosis patient. Ultrasonographic (3-12 MHz) measurement of masseter muscle thickness was performed in 40 subjects including 20 OSMF patients and 20 controls. Study group showed higher thickness both on right and left buccal mucosa when compared to controls. The thickness of masseter muscle was more in contracted stage than relaxed stage which was significant.63 J Jackowski et al (1999) compared the ultrasonographic appearances of the oral mucosa in health with patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc).An innovative 20 MHz US scanner was used to examine the lips, cheeks and oral vestibule of ten healthy persons and ten patients with SSc. The clinical, ultrasonographic and histopathological features of one patient with a fibro-epithelial polyp of the buccal mucosa are reported in detail. Two patients with SSc displayed increased echogenicity due to fibrotic deposits. A similar echo pattern was seen in the case of the histopathologically verified fibro-epithelial polyp of the buccal mucosa. The study concluded that 20 MHz sonography may be suitable as a non-invasive tool for evaluation of fibrosis of the oral mucosa.64 Praveen Kumar Pandey et al (2011) The purpose of the study was to establish the role of ultrasonography in determining the involvement of specific fascial spaces in maxillofacial region and the stage of infection, in indicating the appropriate time for surgical intervention and to compare clinical and ultrasonographic findings. Material and Methods Twenty five patients with fascial space infection in maxillofacial region were subjected to ultrasonographic examination following a detailed clinical and radiological examination. Ultrasonography guided needle aspiration was performed. Based on the findings, patients diagnosed with abscess were subjected to incision and drainage and those with cellulitis were subjected to medical line of treatment. Results More than one fascial space was involved in all patients. On clinical examination 64 spaces were involved, of them 34 spaces had abscess formation and 30 spaces were in the stage of cellulitis. On ultrasonography examination, 28 spaces were reported to have abscess formation and 36 spaces were diagnosed to be in the stage of cellulitis. On comparative analysis of both clinical and ultrasonographic findings, ultrasonography was found to be sensitive in 65% of the cases and having specificity of 80%. It was registered statistically significant (P Conclusions Ultrasonography is a quick, widely available, relatively inexpensive, and painless procedure and can be repeated as often as necessary without risk to the patient. Thus ultrasonography is a valuable diagnostic aid to the oral and maxillofacial surgeon for early and accurate diagnosis of fascial space infection, their appropriate treatment and to limit their further spread. Keywords:ultrasonography, maxillofacial surgery, abscess, cellulitis, differential diagnosis. The purpose of the study was to establish the role of ultrasonography in determining the involvement of specific facial spaces in maxillofacial region and the stage of infection, in indicating the appropriate time for surgical intervention and to compare clinical and ultrasonographic findings. Twenty five patients with fascial space infection in maxillofacial region were subjected to ultrasonographic examination following a detailed clinical and radiological examination. Ultrasonography guided needle aspiration was performed. Based on the findings, patients diagnosed with abscess were subjected to incision and drainage and those with cellulitis were subjected to medical line of treatment. More than one fascial space was involved in all patients. On clinical examination 64 spaces were involved, of them 34 spaces had abscess formation and 30 spaces were in the stage of cellulitis. On ultrasonography examination, 28 spaces were reported to have abscess formation and 36 spaces were diagn osed to be in the stage of cellulitis. On comparative analysis of both clinical and ultrasonographic findings, ultrasonography was found to be sensitive in 65% of the cases and having specificity of 80%. It was registered statistically significant (P 65 Mohit sharma et al (2014) detected the role of ultrasonography as an adjunctive diagnostic aid for fascial space infections of odontogenic origin as well as an aid in appropriate treatment planning and management of fascial space infections of odontogenic origin. The study group comprised of 30 patients of either genders, irrespective of age and presented with unilateral fascial space infection of odontogenic origin. After the clinical and radiographic examinations, patients underwent USG evaluation. USG-guided intraoperative aspiration was done to confirm the diagnosis. All the findings were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis.USG was as accurate as USG-guided intraoral aspiration (Gold standard) in diagnosing fascial space infections of odontogenic origin with sensitivity and specificity of 100%. In cases of abscess USG showed a well-defined homogenous anechoic pattern, cellulitis cases showed an ill-defined heterogeneous hyperechoic pattern while edema showed an ill-de fined isoechoic pattern.The different stages of fascial space infections of odontogenic origin can be clearly depicted on the USG. The study concluded that different stages of fascial space infections of odontogenic origin can be clearly depicted on the USG and it can be used as a reliable adjunctive imaging technique in the diagnosis of fascial space infection of odontogenic origin.66 Prince CN et al (2012) assessed the diagnostic capability of real-time ultrasound imaging, together with the application of color power Doppler in the identification and differential diagnosis of the periapical lesions. Fifteen patients with periapical lesions of pulpal origin, diagnosed with clinical and conventional radiographic examination, were examined further using ultrasonography. The results from the biopsies of the lesions were compared and statistically analyzed. The differential diagnosis between periapical granulomas and cystic lesions, which were based on the ultrasonographic findings, were confirmed by the results of the histopathologic examination in 13 (86.7%) of 15 cases, one being granuloma and 14 being cystic lesion.67 Sumit Goel et al (2011) evaluated the efficacy of ultrasonography with color Doppler and power Doppler applications over conventional radiography in the diagnosis of periapical lesions.Thirty patients having inflammatory periapical lesions of the maxillary or mandibular anterior teeth and requiring endodontic surgery were selected for inclusion in this study. All patients consented to participate in the study. They used conventional periapical radiographs as well as USG with color Doppler and power Doppler for the diagnosis of these lesions. Their diagnostic performances were compared against histopathologic examination. All data were compared and statistically analyzed.USG examination with color Doppler and power Doppler identified 29 (19 cysts and 10 granulomas) of 30 periapical lesions accurately, with a sensitivity of 100% for cysts and 90.91% for granulomas and a specificity of 90.91% for cysts and 100% for granulomas. In comparison, conventional intraoral radiography identified only 21 lesions (sensitivity of 78.9% for cysts and 45.4% for granulomas and specificity of 45.4% for cysts and 78.9% for granulomas). There was definite correlation between the echo texture of the lesions and the histopathological features except in one case.68 Page 1