Feminist Archaeology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Feminist Archaeology - Essay Example The general field, methodology, and teaching of archaeology are scrutinized from the perspective of feminism and its long-standing critique of the natural sciences. Ultimately the authors wish to see the development of a â€Å"gendered archaeology† which gives to women the role in human history which they have truly had. One example that the authors use to demonstrate that the field of archaeology has begun to change is the increasing studies which have â€Å"[recognized] female labor in a broad range of activities† in what â€Å"were once considered exclusively male domains† (Conkey 415). They stress the importance of â€Å"looking for women† projects which specifically seek to identify the tasks done by women in ancient societies which have erroneously been attributed to men. The specific issue of gender, according to the authors, has begun to give new and added focus on the role of women. Archaeological research into gender varies from an emphasis on class and occupation to an interest into the ways in which the meaning of gender has evolved over time. As well, the authors point to rise in biographies being written about female archaeologists as evidence that the field has begun to change. Interestingly the authors of the article claim that there is a correlation between research into gender inequities and work-place inequities within the field of archaeology itself. The idea that the field is sexist has, in their opinion, given rise to the increased interest and study into questions of gender. Concerning methodology, and its relation to an â€Å"engendered archaeology,† the issue of gender as a social construct is put into perspective. According to the authors, gender has always been viewed as a social construct, though in varying degrees and depending on the given scholar. In their view, a gender-based archaeology would first and foremost seek

Sociological Theories and Historic Figures of the Feminism Coursework

Sociological Theories and Historic Figures of the Feminism - Coursework Example Rousseau, the laws of the particular state are a record of the collective desires of all the people and the application of those laws should be universal to all people of the state. The role of the government in Rousseau’s political system is enforced and respect the sovereign people’s will and in no way should it seek to dominate the general will. The legislature function is to ensure that the law supports the state’s preservation. The function of the tribunate according to Rousseau’s political system is to maintain the state by the promotion of the idea of spiritual kingdom separate from any political system. Hegel’s dialectical idealism is where Hegel used different and more precise terms for dialectical trios. He used two different sets of terms for his trios, which include abstract negative concrete and immediate mediate concrete. According to Hegel, Geist, which is a German word for spirit or mind, is used to imply to the category-by-category culmination, dialectically of the negative of the infinite abstraction, resulting to the category of absolute mind or spirit (Geist). Karl Marx presents the concept of alienation by describing the social alienation of people from their human nature aspects because of living in a society stratified into social classes (Swatos & Peter, 13). He presents the concept of class-consciousness, which refers to the beliefs held by an individual concerning their social class, the structure of that class and the interests of the particular class. For the concept of class antagonism, Marx implied the conflict that exists in a society due to the competing socioeconomic interests brought by the different classes of people that exist in the society. Marx’s concept of revolution discusses social revolution where the working class tries to overthrow the bourgeoisie. Marx believed that proletarian revolutions are sure to happen in all capitalist nations.

Education: The Social Institution | Research

Education: The Social Institution | Research Introduction Education is one of social institution that makes society and the country sustainable and development. With education, people acquire knowledge, skills, habit, value, and morality, and attitude (Roth Hok, 2004, p 3). It provides the country workforce in order to meet the challenge of globalization of today competitive economic and technological development. Accordance with the needs above, each country try to build up quality of education, enlarge and widespread the educational building centers, schools and universities everywhere in the country. Moreover, they provide the chance to those who want to work on the educational sectors which aspect as private sector or organization. Additionally, the educational institution tries to reform and generate more method, structure or other techniques to improve the educational system. There are four functions of education: enculturation, qualification, allocation and legitimation (Historical Root Document) in which each function plays very imp ortant role and works in deferent aspect that education become more and more effective. In order to stabilize and develop the country more effectively, legitimation is one of the most important functions, which have been applying actively in education. In term of educational aspect, legitimation is the tool to establish and link the people in society. It provides norm, values and ideology to stabilize the political power and also cultural and social identity (Historical Root Document). Cambodia is one of the developing countries which has just emerged from the war that the education had been distracted to almost zero. According to Mr. Heng stated that Having passed four years of the barbaric genocidal regime of the Pol Pot- Ieng Sary clique our infrastructure in the domain of education and teaching is completely shattered. (Ayres, 2003). Now it has been struggling very hard to become the developed country by focusing much on the education as the main sector that education in term of legitimation has been applied more potentially in the Cambodian context in order to stabilize, nationalize the nation as a whole. Research Questions What is the main factor to shape the curriculum in Education? How did the education curriculum in PRK and later apply the social and national vision to the citizens? How effective have the education system work in conceptualize the citizen for stabilizing the country? Education in Cambodia in term of Legitimation In Cambodia, from one period to another, the curriculum has been changed and reformed steadily in order to modernize and get a better quality to fulfill the need of society within the Cambodian context. The curriculum has been set and assimilated the ideology to the young Cambodian to be harmony, peace, stability and feeling of loving nation and society and also supports and serves their political power. On the other hand, curriculum has policies to correct and encourage the students to learn more and understand their obligation as students to respect the school regulations and laws, avoid committing the crime in society that is unacceptable. Additionally, the curriculum has provided them how to be good citizens, know their national identity, love the national culture, think critically and live together peacefully. According to the curriculum the students are provided to learn the subjects that tell about the way of living, the way to speak, dress, stand, sit, and walk, it also provi des norms, value and persuade the young Cambodians to love and protect their own national heritage; moreover, the information the students get is to follow and support the government context that the nation become stability, prosperity and successful development. (Policy for Curriculum Development, 2005-2009) General goal of curriculum in term of legitimation The goals and aims of education are to develop human resources mentally, emotionally, and physically. It provides the learners to gain the real life experience in society. It also provides the learners to understand the value of education that is limited by the royal government. In reforming of educational system, the students can solve the faced problem in their life such as aids, traffic, domestic violence, human right, climate change, protect the environment, reduce the poverty and other conflicts in community and also the country. Education can erg all the learners to think about economics, religion, controversial land, governments concession land. When the learners understand about these problems they can work out these peacefully. As we know, when we reform the educational system, it usually effects both government and learners such as the government spend a lot of budgets and the learners are difficult to adapt with new programs. But we must reform it to progress better in cou ntry as well as in the religion. A good education gives the learners to get high knowledge to reply the need of ministries, departments, companies, enterprises, organizations and other institutions. If they get well paid job, they will help themselves, their families and country. When the learners are educated from schools with good curriculums, they will become very well educated persons who are very important asset in their society. Moreover, they can attract investors to invest in their community and also the country. One country has rapid development; it is because of the high knowledgeable learners. It is necessary cant be lake of them. (Research in Post-Compulsory Education, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1998) In PRK period In the period of People Republic Kampouchea regime, the government was in left with nothing in the hands as well as the education system. (Arys, 2000) With the official government was empty idea related to the education theory and practices, most of them were in the army sectors. In addition to this, the influence of cold war in the current flow of world power between Russia and the United State (Nayan Chanda, 2007) led to spread the ideology of socialism which affected on Cambodia government in education curriculum. However the new educational program had been announced officially in on July 30, 1979 in the PRK. The system had been put an effect by Heng samrin. The new educational structure had been replaced by the administration of Vietnamese and French educational practice. The primary school course had been divided into two three-year cycle prior to 1975, was reduced into four grade, secondary school six years to maximum three years cycle. The ten years structure and ascending nu mbering system followed the denote school grades, were very similar to those Vietnamese. Another feature of the system which the same as Vietnameses was the decentralized control. Provincial education committees were vested with a high degree of responsibility for making decision. (Ayres, 2003) In that way, education is to protect and build the Peoples Republic of Cambodia in to socialist country, (Ayres, 2003), so in the period the education is provided to the people in order to stabilize the country and improve the political power. After PRK period 1990s After the election in 1993, The Cambodia constitution has rehabilitation plans, the strategies of MoEYS, the strategies of socioeconomic, and the real national situation the education reform policy had been accepted by the education system development committees as the following: The general education system from grade 11 to 12 years added 1year to primary school that the formula is 6+3+3, which is 6 years in primary school, 3 years in secondary school 3 years in high school. They also increase up 6 hours per day in order to get the international standard of 5,000 hours in which one class period 45 minutes in primary school and 50 minutes in secondary school. There 6 subject areas in primary and 8 subjects in secondary school include foreign subjects (English or French) grade 5 in primary school upward. (UNESCO statistical yearbook, 1999) The goal of curriculum has been set to increase the quality of general education and adept with the globalization in order to easy to learn and teach more effectively that the students and teacher become very skillful and they can work very well and effectively in the class as they have expected to get high standard knowledge. (The effect of curriculum type on middle grade instruction, Vol. 5 pp.201). The curriculum has also helped them to learn thing which is fit to their ability to the situation in their own society as well as their family, community, and help next generation to love their own nation and people. Moreover the curriculum helps them to build up their capacity to improve the policy and develop their country. The curriculum can correct their habits how to live and work in their country peacefully. Thus they can be very important asset to work more effectively to develop the nation and liberal pluralistic democracy. (Policy for Curriculum Development, 2005-2009) Conclusion In conclusion, as I mentioned above, it is important to reform the educational system for all the learners. I deeply believe for good curriculums can drive the learners and country to grow up sharply. If in one country has lots of good learners, the country will develop faster. For example, the Unites State of America. This country is over 200 years old, but they develop all fields. If we compare with Cambodia, it is so far different. It shows that human resources from study with good curriculums help to improve all the fields in their country. The important of curriculums help the learners improve them to think about the problems properly such as social issue, family economics, land conflict, domestic violence, aids, traffic, human right, children right and other things the learners understand about climate change, environment issue, traditions, cultures, religion relieve and understand universal laws. In my ideas, I think that good curriculums are important for the learners to reac h and achieve their goals in their life. A good curriculum can lead the learners to do the right thing and they become good citizens, leaders in the future. Additionally, good curriculums help all the learners do and think something correctly that society and human being recognize. Totally, the reforming of curriculums drives the learner to love their people, culture, costume, national treasure, environment, government, leaders, and their country. (Policy for Curriculum Development, 2005-2009)

eBay :: essays research papers

eBay’s Global Community   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As I read through some of the discussion threads of eBay sellers, I realized how technology has allowed us to form international community of consumers with established rules and regulations. Doing business through eBay still seems a little risky but the fact that the majority of people still live ethically has allowed e-bay to succeed. Like in every society there are people that still try to circumvent the system and will try to get away with unethical activities. Through the discussion forum, eBay sellers have established an environment in which anyone can communicate the problems they have encountered and ask for advice for handling those situations. Sellers also have the option to offer suggestions on how to make the selling process better. Some of the issues that I found interesting in nature were how e-bay sellers handle non-paying bidders, feedback concerns, and international selling.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The hot topic that I found in many discussion threads was the issue with non-paying bidders. This problem makes it difficult for sellers to continue selling with confidence and it also makes it hard for new sellers to start selling. Non-paying bidders also prevent honest bidders from actually purchasing the item. This also forces the seller to place the item on auction again, incur a re-listing fee, and they may not also get the high bid that they had the first time. It also causes retaliatory negative feedback from the non-buyer to the seller. The sellers have addressed this issue by providing suggestions and answering each other questions. Some of the ways the seller community is handling the issue of non-paying bidders is by filing non-paying bidder alerts and FVFC(Final Value Free Credits). Consensus from the seller community is that filing negative feedback is not sufficient because eBay does not suspend a non-paying bidder until their feedback number reaches about a negative three. However, if the seller files the FVFC, E-bay will suspend the bidder if three sellers have filed on the same bidder.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  eBay also addressed this situation by conducting a workshop titled â€Å"Reducing Unpaid Items†. The workshop was conducted by the eBay staff and was opened to the entire seller community. I think that this type of format is very useful to eBay sellers, because it gives them the chance to voice their concerns directly to eBay and get immediate feedback as to what is being done to address those concerns.

How Effective Are Drip Irrigation Systems Environmental Sciences Essay

The article evaluates the efficiency, effectivity, societal, economic and environmental impacts of the trickle irrigation system. The trickle irrigation system has the possible to increase the agricultural productiveness and besides to cut down H2O use required for irrigation. It is a system of pipes and tubing located under the dirt. Water is passed through these pipes which end at near the roots of the workss. This makes the H2O loss minimal. Initial phase is planing the system and its installing follows it. The article states the advantages and disadvantages of the system and besides cites grounds with respect to the societal, economic and environmental facets. Poverty is one of the primary concerns the universe faces in its route to development. Eradication of poorness tends to be the premier purposes of authoritiess worldwide. Lack of proper nutrition is a major cause lending to poverty. Bettering agricultural criterions can assist in bring forthing more nutrient and therefore counter the deficiency of nutrient factor. One manner to better agricultural criterions is to develop the irrigation methods used. Irrigation is closely related to poorness. Irrigation benefits the hapless through higher production, higher outputs, low hazard of harvest failure and higher and twelvemonth unit of ammunition farm and non-farm employment. Irrigation leads to high value market oriented agricultural production [ 1 ] . However, in developing states like India, the agricultural sector is to a great extent dependent on the south-west monsoons. In position of the lifting temperatures worldwide due to planetary heating and alterations of conditions forms asso ciated with it, dependance on rains is non ever a possible solution. Failure of proper rains can stultify the agricultural sector which can take to an overall rise in poorness. Thus efficient methods of irrigation demand to be developed. The trickle irrigation system is one such method of irrigation that is being utilized. Drip irrigation is H2O salvaging, efficient and effectual lacrimation system.The article focuses on the different facets of the trickle irrigation system, its part in poorness relief and the societal economic and environmental impacts of this engineering. Subsurface trickle irrigation or SDI is another manner of terming a trickle irrigation system. As stated by C. Shock, trickle irrigation is the slow even application of low-pressure H2O to dirt and workss utilizing plastic tube placed near the workss & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢ root zone [ 8 ] . Water is supplied to the dirt at really low rates from the system of the plastic tube pipes which are fitted with emitters at the terminals. Therefore loss of H2O through vaporization, H2O run-off and infiltration is minimized to a great extent. Besides H2O contact with the roots, foliages and fruits of the works is reduced which helps in bar of formation of disease on the works. Since the tube is buried under the dirt, it is less at hazard of harm due to weeding and cultivation activities. Planing a subsurface trickle system requires an experient qualified interior decorator. As G. Harris has stated, proper hydraulic design is the initial measure in put ining a successful SDI system [ 5 ] . This will guarantee that the system effectively trades with the restraints imposed by the harvest and dirt features, field size, topography, H2O supply and form. The system must be capable of run intoing the harvest H2O demand during the peak H2O demand times. A block or zone, which is the part of the field that can be watered at the same clip, is determined by the features of the trickle tube selected. The optimum tubing spacing is determined by the dirt features and the deepness of tube arrangement. If the installings are excessively deep it will curtail the handiness of surface applied foods limits the effectivity of the system for harvest sprouting. Adequate blushing speeds must be allowed for in the design to take deposits from the emitters. This helps to forestall the SDI syst em from acquiring clogged and increases the system & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s life. Following the planing comes the installation portion of the SDI system. Proper installing ensures that the system performs optimally and it besides determines the life of the system. Installation is done in sites which have non been cropped late as insect activity or weedy countries could destruct the pipes within yearss of installing [ 6 ] .Initially location of the tube is marked out. A subsoiler can be used or if more accurate placement is needed, GPS can besides be used. Specialized injectors are available for installing of the SDI pipes. The power and H2O beginning restrictions are to be considered during the installing of the system. Filters are besides used which helps in taking atoms and keeps the emitters from acquiring clogged. The major characteristic of this system that makes it extremely desirable is that the H2O usage efficiency will be better compared to other systems or methods of irrigation. Evidence put frontward by C.R. Camp show that drip irrigation systems implemented in Virginia require 30 % less H2O compared to sprinkler irrigation for cultivating maize [ 3 ] . For cotton, the H2O use was reduced significantly by 40 % . Execution of the system in Hawaii helped the husbandmans to acquire a greater output than when utilizing sprinkler irrigation system [ 4 ] . Extra advantages include: Drip irrigation systems are suited to farms holding uneven topography or dirt texture. Precise application of foods is possible. Timely application of weedkillers, insect powders and antifungals is possible. The trickle irrigation system can be automated. Irrigation can be carried out twenty-four hours and dark regardless of the air current, daylight handiness or other cultivation activities [ 7 ] . The SDI system can be used for fertilising. Foods can be supplied in a sustained manner, and regulated in rate and composing, harmonizing to the harvest demands [ 7 ] . The fluid mechanicss help in easy H2O command the figure of points provides first-class uniformity of supply. There are a figure of disadvantages for the trickle irrigation system. Initial investing is rather high for this system. Root development is limited and therefore ensuing in root putrefaction and dust jobs [ 7 ] . The emitters can acquire clogged often and cleaning it is a dearly-won and clip devouring procedure. Accretion of salts might happen at the interface between the moisture and dry zones of the dirt. It is by and large accepted that irrigation can transform society every bit good as land and landscapes. Drip irrigation has brought about a figure of positive and negative societal impacts. It helps in relieving poorness in irrigated countries, minimizes the differential distribution of benefits across husbandmans and increases the societal benefits [ 7 ] . The positive consequence it has brought on the demographics of the Waitaki vale has helped collar the population diminution [ 9 ] . The extra population would non merely beef up the societal construction and webs but besides increase economic growing. Thus services such as wellness and instruction would go more feasible. On the other manus, automated drip irrigation systems tend to necessitate less labour and in low pay economic systems, where occupation chances lag behind growing in labour force owing to lift in population, cut downing hired labors can be socially debatable [ 10 ] . This leads to farther unemployment. Sing the economic facets, drip irrigation systems have helped husbandmans to achieve better net incomes due to higher output. Farmers can conserve H2O more and besides increase the productiveness of their farms. The output of cotton increased by 21 % in Dalby and Moree while in Lucerne, output betterment was between 13-34 % [ 5 ] . The net incomes obtained in tomato cultivation in California were approximately 867 to 1493 dollars more [ 12 ] . Water use was reduced by 45 % for maize cultivation in the Great Plains in USA [ 13 ] . In malice of all these a major hinderance in the execution of the system is the high initial cost. Designing and installing requires qualified people and moreover the cost and clip for care of the system is besides on the higher side. However in the long tally husbandmans can do up for the high initial costs with the higher sum of output they obtain. The trickle irrigation helps in bettering the dirt surface and the environment. It allows pre treated coalbed methane Waterss to flux into the root zone of an agricultural field which minimized environmental impacts by hive awaying damaging salts in the vadose zone [ 11 ] . It reduces off-farm motions of fertilisers and pollutants and improves the H2O usage efficiency of irrigated agribusiness [ 3 ] . It offers possible for increased H2O and nitrate fertiliser efficiency and decreases land H2O taint by NO3 [ 14 ] . The certain negative traits that the system has on the environment are that root putrefaction may happen and degrees of salt rises. Root development is affected taking to deficient protection against deficiency of H2O and hapless root anchorage [ 7 ] . Overall, the trickle irrigation system is an effectual manner of irrigation. It saves on H2O use and allows husbandmans to increase their farm end product. The increased end products helps counter the rise in nutrient demand and helps the poorer subdivisions of the society with more nutrient at cheaper monetary values. Evidence presented in the article show the increased harvest output. Even thought the engineering comes at a higher monetary value, the effects of implementing it will be long lasting and positive.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

The Massachusetts Bay Colony government was able to be, at least partially, simultaneously theocratic, democratic, oligarchic, and authoritarian. It was able to be partly theocratic because of the doctrine of the covenant, which stated that the whole purpose of government was to enforce God’s laws. God’s laws applied to everyone, even nonbelievers. Everyone also had to pay taxes for the government-supported church. This meant that religious leaders held enormous power in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. They were able to effectively control who was admitted to the church by conducting public interrogations of people who claimed to have experienced conversion. The last reason it was partially theocratic was one of the main governors, John Winthrop, believed he had a â€Å"calling† from God to lead the Massachusetts colony. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was partially democratic for a couple of reasons. First, the freemen elected the governor and his associates each year. The freemen also voted for a representative assembly called the General Court. The Colony was also partly an oligarchy. It was an oligarchy because only Puritans could be freemen and were eligible to vote. Puritans were even more limited because religious leaders could control who was admitted into the church. Finally, the Massachusetts Bay Colony was partially authoritarian. This was partially because many of the residents were Puritans. Puritans shared in the â€Å"Protestant Ethic†, which involved serious commitment to work and to engagement in worldly pursuits. Everyone was held to these standards because of this. Everyone was expected to do this, even if they weren’t Puritan.